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History --- Greece

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This papal who's who contains updated biographical accounts of all the popes from St Peter to Pope Benedict XVI. Arranged chronologically it provides a continuous history of the papacy as well as their irregularly elected rivals. It is fully indexed for quick reference and includes recommended further reading.

Christian church history --- kerkgeschiedenis

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The manuscript of the Traité de Logique algorithmique resulted from lectures Couturat gave at the University of Caen in 1898/99 on recent developments in symbolic logic, on the relations of logic and mathematics, and on the scope of the methods of mathematics. It is the only one of several manuscripts Couturat mentioned in his correspondence that meanwhile has been rediscovered. It is an outstanding document of the popularization and propagation of symbolic logic around 1900. It allows to better understand the difficult relations of algebraic logic and the so-called logistic program which surpasses the simple alternative of logic as an application of algebra vs. logic as the foundation of mathematics. The complicated interactions in the historical developments of these two currents become manifest in Couturat's hesitations and changing attitudes within his own intellectual biography. The publication of this manuscript helps to achieve a much more complete picture of the latter.

Mathematics --- History --- geschiedenis --- wiskunde

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Leon Battista Alberti (1404¬–1472) was a highly prolific polymath of the fifteenth century. Although his contributions to architecture and the visual arts are well known and available in good English editions, as are many of his literary and social writings, his mathematical works are not well represented. This present volume was planned to fill that gap, with entirely new English translations and critical commentaries making the works easily accessible for a wide readership of specialists and non-specialists alike. Four texts are included here. Although Alberti’s Commentarii rerum mathematicarum appears to be lost, we have his Ludi matematici . In these “games” Alberti describes twenty practical applications of mathematics in an accessible style. The translation is accompanied by a new transcript of the recently identified manuscript held in the National Library in Florence upon which it was based. In Elementi di pittura, Alberti provides a catalogue of definitions and geometric constructions, using Euclidean references but drawing a distinction between theoria of mathematical entities and praxis of painterly applications. Alberti’s most original mathematical contribution is a late work, De compendis cifris, first discussing the frequency of vowels, consonants, and different groupings in Latin, and then introducing a method of polyalphabetic substitution. Even more original is his enciphered code which permutes four numerals in two-, three-, and four-digit groups. De lunularum quadratura rehearses the classical demonstration of squaring a lune by Hippocrates.

Mathematics --- History --- geschiedenis --- wiskunde

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Military engineering --- World history